Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton 1783-1800 Essay Example for Free

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton 1783-1800 Essay The post-progressive war time of the Unites States saw the foundation of the main party framework and an extending hole in perspectives between the affluent and the normal man. One may contend that an ideological group creates in light of a progression of dubious issues yet by and large the conflicting perspectives on Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson over issues identified with perspectives on government, the job of government and social way of thinking in outside and household undertakings, were fundamentally liable for forming the ascent of ideological groups from 1783-1800. Initially dreaded by the ancestors, the ascent of ideological groups rose up out of exceptional ideological battles diagrams of government between two political pioneers imperative to President Washington’s Cabinet, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. Alexander Hamilton applied the most impact inside the recently developing Federalist Party. He accepted that lone an edified decision class could create a solid, steady and compelling central government. The administration thusly required the help of rich men and the advancement of assembling premiums. Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans protected more the privileges of the regular man and an agrarian culture with restricted force from the government. His fundamental guideline was grounded in a conviction that the individuals had a more legit and uninvolved impact in governmental issues than the well off. The Republican Party pulled in a greater amount of the average citize ns while the Federalist Party drew support from the nobility. Albeit neither one of the sides was happy to admit to it, these organizations were known as the primary party framework. The two gatherings position on who ought to have more influence in the administration added to the to a great extent various perspectives on the normal man and the well off man. Hamilton and Jefferson’s contrasts in social way of thinking over the understanding of the Constitution and the foundation of a national bank additionally reinforced the ascent of set up ideological groups. Federalists required the national obligation to be supported and wanted to make an enormous national bank credited by rich men. Hamilton protected it in an arrangement introduced to Congress by asserting the general idea of the Constitution took into consideration enterprises to help with completing by â€Å"all means† important that which is required to do the obligations of government. Whenever allowed, this vein of thinking introduced an expansive understanding of the Co nstitution, one that depended upon the â€Å"elastic clause† to legitimize what is consideredâ â€Å"necessary and proper†. Jefferson and the Republicans felt the bank was unlawful and his assessment on the Constitutionality of a National Bank (1791) required an exacting or strict understanding that drew upon a way of thinking of government that expressed forces not appointed had a place, or better, are saved, for the individuals and the states. This incorporated the joining of a bank which isn't a designated power given to government in the Constitution. Hamilton’s answer can be found in a letter to George Washington that contended for a wide understanding of the Constitution because it provided for the legislature assigned and suggested powers. Generally, all forces considered â€Å"necessary and proper† for the satisfaction of assigned obligations are established, similar to the joining of a bank. This got known as the versatile condition and would be applied in later discussions over protected translation. The two gatherings response to the Constitutionality of a national bank show their differentiating convictions in how the Constitution was to be deciphered. Ending up being a significant purpose of conflict between the creating sides, Federalists additionally required an extract assessment to be put on distillers of liquor. The Whiskey Rebellion was the inescapable outcome of the establishment of this duty. Hamilton contended in his endeavors to smother the Whiskey Boys that the individuals, in sanctioning the Cons titution, had enabled the focal government to burden to take care of obligations and accommodating the nation’s safeguard. Since the Constitution had not been changed in opposition to those forces Hamilton accepted that President Washington had been legitimized in demanding the assessment and the Whiskey Rebellion was in this way an unjustified resistance that should have been put somewhere near the focal government. The Republicans, exceptionally dubious of tax collection as the American pilgrims had once been, didn't accept the extract expense to be established and praised the Whiskey Rebellion as a demonstration of ensuring rights against a harsh government activity. The individuals must be the defend of the new Republic. The Federalist political animation Mad Tom in a Rage depicted Thomas Jefferson as an alcohol splashed rebel helped by the fiend so as to cut the administration down. The responses to the Whiskey Rebellion reflect how the Federalists and Republicans varied in their translation of the Constitution. In social way of thinking, the two legislators explained their party’s contradiction over international strategy concerns with respect to the â€Å"revolution† in France. When the French Revolution developed to its most extreme pinnacle the Federalists responded with ghastliness as residents toppled the gentry. In propelling the New Ship of State Hamilton said he didn't consider the To be Revolution as practically identical to the American Revolution and questioned if a â€Å"free and great government† was probably going to result from the war in France. Thomas Jefferson’s reaction was to stretch the likely result of the Revolution, how it would profit the entire of humanity, which means the regular man, and how this outcome must be won with the spilling of blood, in this way legitimizing the abundances of brutality for the sake of republicanism. Numerous Republicans even imitated French Jacobins in dress and in talking. As strain in Europe developed Federalists supported a partnership with Great Britain while Republicans for the most part preferred a more noteworthy union to the French. Jay’s Treaty was for the most part observed as a Hamiltonian move to improve the probability of a political relationship with Britain more than one with France. The contrast between the Federalist and Republican social ways of thinking in regards to outside relations is most effortlessly observed among Hamilton and Jefferson’s various responses to the French Revolution. At the point when the Federalists attempted to quietness the Republican restriction the outcome was the immensely disagreeable Alien and Sedition Acts went under the Federalist administration of John Adams. The Alien Act requested all outsiders thought about perilous to leave the United States. Subsequently numerous Republicans discovered quite a bit of its help developed inside the country. The Sedition Act Read That if any individual w ill compose, print, express, or publish.scandalous and malevolent works against the administration of the United Statessuch individual will be rebuffed. The Sedition Act indicted ten men the vast majority of whom were Republicans news editors censuring the Federal government. The Republicans deciphered these laws as an endeavor to crush them and abuse the standards of free discourse. They retaliated with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. The Virginia Resolution brought up how the Acts disregarded the privileges of free discourse ensured in the Constitution. Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolution contended the state’s reduced (or state’s right) hypothesis that demonstrations by the focal government could be invalidated by the sovereign states whenever regarded illegal as the Resolution so considered the Alien and Sedition Acts. The goals invalidated the laws and added to the ascent of Republicanism and the fall of Federalism. The questionable issue contributed to a great extent to the Federalist party’s rout inâ the presidential appointment of 1800. The varying conclusions on how the legislature in the post-Revolutionary war period ought to be run at last made the first ascent in quite a while. The Federalist faith in an administration run by rich men and restricting Republican help for an agrarian culture split the nations’ individuals on the side of a legislature generally gainful to them. Varying responses to the French Revolution demonstrated the particular contrast in Federalist and Republican over inter national strategy. The National Bank and the extract charge on alcohol uncovered contrasting perspectives on how carefully the Constitution ought to be deciphered and the Alien and Sedition Acts uncover an endeavor of one gathering to break up another. The differentiating perspectives on Hamilton’s Federalism and Jefferson’s Republicanism were a definitive supporters of parting the country on perspectives on government and setting up the main ideological groups.

Course Project 5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course Project 5 - Case Study Example Today’s tempestuous monetary conditions settle on it hard settle on organized choices and long haul arranging; data is the most required resource for associations who need to have the option to react momentarily to changing elements and small scale blogging sites like twitter are rapidly turning into the quickest wellsprings of news there are-giving moment and pertinent updates. Answer 2. Twitter is a worldwide stage which is gotten to by individuals everywhere throughout the world. It is a free and extremely well known internet based life webpage and can be important for worldwide associations who need to convey on a successive premise and in an individual manner with their workers. With the ‘tweets’, the association can share news and any important data; if the workers are bought in to the channel, they will get those tweets on their landing page with no requirement for a conventional correspondence process. With things like retweeting and answering back, the workers living in any land area can straightforwardly converse with organization and in light of the straightforwardness of the stage can even get remarks or start a conversation with different representatives. The network gave lets representatives talk about tasks and systems in a casual manner. The utilization of silliness which is widespread on Twitter changes the tone of the discussion, giving everybody a similar measure of conversational power and may help conquer hindrances of social contrasts as you simply have 140 characters to come to your meaningful conclusion. This prompts a progressively cooperative condition and better thought age, affecting the general activities. Answer 3. The moment availability permitted by twitter can be used by Project Managers viably to stay in contact with their representatives. A committed venture twitter profile can be refreshed with news, significant data or used to speak with workers on a quick premise. It can likewise end up being a decent gathering to share about any misfortunes or achievements

Martin Luther King Essays (2097 words) - Anglican Saints

Martin Luther King A Discussion and Analysis Of a portion of his Contributions As Well as their Social, Political and Economic Impacts. Since the Thirteen Colonies originally joined together, the United States has had one of the most grounded economies on the planet. Throughout the years, numerous scholars have had changing suppositions concerning the purpose behind this current country's solid financial standing. One explanation that has regularly been ignored is that a large number of this country's laborers have been affected by the Protestant hard working attitude. The reasoning behind this hard working attitude has driven numerous specialists to achieve as much as conceivable at their employments during their lifetimes. In the event that one man were to be given credit for the advancement of the Protestant hard working attitude it would need to be Martin Luther. Over the span of the following a few pages this scientist will inspect the ethic that has had such an extraordinary effect on the United State's economy what's more, on the economies of different countries. It has been proposed by such journalists as Weber and Smith that the Protestant hard working attitude initially created around the word calling. Basically, this term has a strict implication which is a task set by God. Be that as it may, steadily this term was extended to where it secured a large number of man's exercises. During the Protestant Reformation, the term calling began to take on another importance. Satisfying one's obligation in common issues turned into an errand of outrageous significance. bit by bit, satisfying one's obligation was significant as well as it turned into the ethical commitment of each individual (the most noteworthy type of good action). Prior to the Reformation, the Catholic Church didn't accept that ordinary world exercises had a strict centrality. Because of Luther these world exercises were very significant in clinging to God's desires. Instead of give one's life to adoring God through petition, and as opposed to giving up every common great to follow Christ, the Protestants accepted that the undertaking of each individual is to satisfy (to the best of his/her capacity) their assignments on earth. This extraordinary origination of the word calling was created by Luther during his first dynamic decade as a reformer. From the outset he accepted, in the same way as other different scholars, that ordinary world exercises were exercises of the substance. Despite the fact that these exercises were willed by God, they were in any case ethically nonpartisan. Be that as it may, steadily Luther started to challenge the life of the priests. He scrutinized them as driving a life without esteem as a methods for defense before God, yet he moreover views its renunciation of the obligations of this world as a result of self-centeredness, pulling back from fleeting commitments. This was in direct differentiation to the regular works of man. These common exercises were outward articulations of man's affection for other people and for God. In this manner, as per Luther, the best way to satisfy the hopes God has for us is to satisfy our common obligations. A significant point that Luther makes in reference to reasons for living is that each calling has a similar worth according to God. The impact of the Reconstruction that was started by Luther was that common work was given strict authorization. This stands contradicted to the Catholic convention which didn't give such common issues any ethical accentuation. Luther expressed that individuals may achieve salvation in any social status. it didn't make a difference what an individual did during their lifetime as long as they filled in as hard as could be expected under the circumstances. In difficult work and devotion to one's calling, salvation could be accomplished. Prior to Luther declared these convictions, individuals put little accentuation on the day by day undertakings they needed to finish. Employments had small significance aside from that they set bread on the table to eat. Be that as it may, with Luther's idea of the calling individuals presently had an ethical motivations to fill in as hard as possible. The occupations of individuals were given strict authorization and this lead to laborers endeavoring to accomplish more in their employments. Consequently, there can be no uncertainty that Luther changed the mentalities of individuals toward their jobs in the public eye. Individuals put another accentuation on their work jobs. In the accompanying pages the impact this had on the economy will be analyzed. The Foundation of Capitalistic Thought because of Luther putting such accentuation on an individual's calling, individuals started to invest wholeheartedly in their work. Rather than setting the entirety of one's accentuation on strict issues, individuals started to consider gaining a living in the most ideal manner conceivable so as to serve God. Luther ingrained in these individuals the idea that

Get the Scoop on College Essays Prof Readers Services on Line Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on College Essays Prof Readers Services on Line Before You're Too Late The Battle Over College Essays Prof Readers Services on Line and How to Win It Most likely possibly the most gifted authors find it impossible to start to observe the clients' minds you will need to get detailed in your instructions and inform them exactly the factor you are going to need if you would love by having an outstanding academic paper delivered employing the deadline. Our writers are highly competent so it is possible to place your order for any kind of custom essay with no hesitation. Moreover, academic writers want to know themselves in order to make the most of their professional lives. The necessary readings represent a few of those approaches. There are plenty of procedures that could help you to select a topic. You can also find a collection of sample essays so that you can definitely get a sense of the great provider, and understand what you're buying into. You ought to create a thorough study essay writing services before placing the transaction with any customized essay writing service online then only you're receiving the best paper for those dollars. Thus, should you feel you aren't competent enough, ask for skilled support and set an order with a trustworthy essay writing company, like ProfEssays.com. Make certain that you simply appraise the prices of countless essay writing services and be familiarized with conventional market prices, to make sure that you're in the larger place when searching for the best essay writing services. Things get difficult should you face numerous custom writing services you'll be able to buy, however, you can't make sure you will acquire the very best dissertation writing as you uncover most likely probably the most dependable company available in the marketplace. Our crew of writers processes hundreds of essay papers daily and thus know exactly the type of topics that are of a massive demand by professors. Therefore don't let the caliber of these essays intimidate you. That's how writing works, particularly with essays and papers or even with other kinds of reports. Essay editing isn't a whim, but it's rather an essential step towards an expert bit of work. Searching for an essay proofreading service on the internet is a fantastical notion, especially when your time is limited. Not to mention your private satisfaction when you get rewarding outcomes. There are a lot of writing services that offer poor writing services additionally to don't sustain a superb shipping time that might be an important concern for those students. So should you feel you don't have that period of time to spare, there isn't anything wrong with seeking the assistance of professionals. Well, eventually you are going to need expert assistance. It shows how this sector plays an important role in producing the financial conditions that allow much financial development to proceed. We realize how difficult it best be essay set your trust into a writing service, which explains why services have placed services this honest reviews on that which we found. A number of internet services and companies claim to extend the best academic aid but they normally fail to fulfil those promises. Our services don't just cater to you for short-term targets. Education is a rather intriguing approach. Since it is such a broad field of learning, you will need to confine your discussion to one main point. It is a huge science that focuses on both technical and psychological aspects of teaching. It is one of the ways of bettering yourself. Your writing can find that much-needed assistance to produce the very best work. It is almost always better to ask yourself whether your readers will truly see what you're saying. The publishers generate income from selling hardcovers. The Argument About College Essays Prof Readers Services on Line Our writers will make sure that you are completely pleased with the last edition. We won't cancel any order after it's been sent to a publisher. Our writing service permits you to maintain constant contact with your favorite writer, where you're able to message them with queries and they contact you whenever possible. This is known as plagiarism and can change your general academic future.

Psychology Positive And Negative Psychology - 955 Words

Positive Psychology We often think of psychology with a negative connotation. A reason for this is that for many years, psychologists focused more on the negative side of psychology. This part of psychology deals with peoples’ symptoms, wounds, disorders, and trauma (Morgan Nemec, 2013). This changed in 2000 when psychologist Martin Seligman founded the science of positive psychology (Schueller Parks, 2014). Although certain aspects of positive psychology were studied long before the branch was established, they were much less of a focus when compared to its negative counterparts (Morgan Nemec, 2013). Positive psychology strives to understand â€Å"the positive side of human functioning, expanding research on positive behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and character traits (Schueller Parks, 2014) Positive psychology can be used as a self-help method or can be used in professional psychiatric rehabilitation. When used as self-help, resources are provided directly to the individual and no expert assistance is involved. Although this method has proved useful for some, its downfall is that is not often based on â€Å"scientifically supported principles† (Schueller Parks, 2014). This in turn requires patrons to sort through the given material to find the material that is actually based on scientific principles. While this process might work for some, others often need more guidance and direction than self- help methods can provide (Schueller Parks, 2014). When professionalShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Positive And Negative Psychology1645 Words   |  7 PagesPositive psychology, is a new field of psychology that draw heavily on humanist influences. This area of psychology places its focus on understanding how to enhance our lives by studying what produces our happiness through the use of scientific methods to understand how this affects us leading healthy, happy and successful lives. Through the belief that society would like to lead meaningful and rewarding lives th e goal of positive psychology is to, in addition the other fields of psychology, accompanyRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of Social Psychology1404 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Psychology is defined as â€Å"a subfield in psychology that focuses on social interaction between people, how people influence and are influenced by others, and the relationship between the individual’s behaviors/cognitions and that of others in a group† (Robertson, 2002-2015). Within that subfield there are many theories and concepts that explain these feelings, thoughts, and beliefs that are constructed and how psychological factors influence our interactions with others. The topics examinedRead MorePositive Psychology At Gable And Haidt1098 Words   |  5 PagesPositive psychology according to Gable and Haidt (2005) can be defined as â€Å"the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing of people, groups and institutions† (p. 103). Similarly, it can be described as the study of human strength and virtue to understand positive and emotionally fulfilling behaviour (Sheldon King, 2001). There are three dimensions or levels of positive psychology which are based on aspects of our life experiences. Our positive subjective experiencesRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective Of Clinical Psychology993 Words   |  4 PagesClinical psychology is a relatively new area of study in the broad category of psychology. It is a subfield of psychology that covers a wide range and variety of topics and issues such as the study, diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (Feldman, 2010) Clinical psychologists also might deal with patients who have learning disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and eating disorders. This paper will briefly discuss the behavioral perspective, some research methods in the fieldRead MoreThe Downfall Of Positive Psychology1654 Words   |  7 Pages The Downfall of Positive Psychology In Schrank’s â€Å"Positive psychology: An Approach to Supporting Recovery in Mental Illness† he discusses the definition, history, research, and psychotherapy that is involved with positive psychology. There are multiple definitions that psychologists have developed for positive psychology that stem from six core domains which are â€Å"(i) virtues and character strengths, (ii) happiness, (iii) growth, fulfilment of capacities, development of highest self, (iv) good lifeRead MoreThe Psychology Of Clinical Psychology967 Words   |  4 PagesClinical psychology is a relatively newer area of study in the broad category of psychology. It is subfield of psychology that covers a wide range and variety of topics and issues such as the study, diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (Feldman, 2010) This paper will briefly discuss the behavioral perspective, some research methods in the field of psychology, positive and negative components associated with clinica l psychology, and different controversies and ways to overcome theseRead MorePositive Psychology And Cognitive Behavior Therapy1520 Words   |  7 PagesThis aim of this essay is to provide an overview of Positive Psychology and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Strengths and weaknesses of both models are presented, as well has a discussion on areas where they are similar and different. Essay also highlights that whilst one model may be more suitable given the clients psychological state, the models may be utilized individually or complementing each other. Positive Psychology (PS) Positive Psychology is the scientific study of what makes life most worthRead MorePositive Psychology Can Not Make Us Happier887 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Psychology Cannot Make Us Happier The question of whether individuals can create their own happiness without the aid of external influences has been raised and researched. However, the answer to the question is unclear. Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that supports the theory that an individual’s happiness is under their personal control, independent of any external influences or validation. Consequently, researchers have uncovered evidence that provides mixed results regardingRead MoreSimilarities Between Positive Psychology and Coaching Psychology1278 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Psychology and Coaching Psychology: Positive psychology and coaching psychology have certain similarities with regards to their development as responses to the status quo of the field. The status quo was deficit-based, pathology-focused, and based on essential assumptions regarding human nature. These fundamental assumptions were largely less than positive, especially when examined from a rational perspective. As responses to the status quo, positive psychology and coaching psychology areRead MoreCarol Rogers Influence in Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesInfluence on Modern Psychology Introduction Carl Rogers is considered the founder of client-centered therapy, which asserts that childhood experiences affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior (Rathus, 2004). The therapist must see the world from that of the client to be effective in treatment. Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology. Despite this fact, many who practice positive psychology do not, or are not

Eastern Vs Western Medicine Essay - 1308 Words

Eastern vs Western Medicine When the average American catches a cold, they head to their doctor who assesses their condition and prescribes medication to help alleviate their symptoms. The patient then heads to the pharmacy, gets their medicine, starts a course of treatment, and eventually feels better. That is the average cycle of treatment in our society. Someone suffering from a headache will take a painkiller; for a cough, cough syrup; and for a stuffy nose, a decongestant. In the western part of the world, illness is treated with medicine, or more specifically, scientific medicine. At the core of modern western medicine is Germ Theory, which states that certain microorganisms can cause disease (Ritter Graham, 2017). If someone†¦show more content†¦According to Dr. Tan, Dr. Fuzun, and Dr. Akà §ay, out of the 499 patients using CAM, 13% did not see a significant difference in their health while 87% did see an improvement in their health status. The most preferred CAM th erapy was the use of herbs (2004). Many CAM therapies stem from the practices of traditional eastern medicine and can be used with or instead of western treatments. In a study conducted about male fertility in China, patients that underwent acupuncture showed an increase in sperm count, motility, and viability (Xiao-Ke, 2013). These studies displayed results from treatments based on eastern medicine techniques. Due to the nature of eastern medicine compared to western medicine, sometimes it can be difficult to collect tangible data on the results of eastern medicine. CAMs help solve this problem because their results can be monitored in a way that is similar to the way results of western medicine treatments are monitored. There are still many people on both sides of the spectrum that are skeptical about treatment methods that differ from what they are used to. The validity of an herbal healer in the western world is more likely to be questioned than that of a medical doctor; while in the east, families may have been seeing a healer for decades and are more likely to question the validity of a doctor practicing westernShow MoreRelatedAcupuncture Is A Therapeutic Technique Of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( Tcm )2153 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Acupuncture is a therapeutic technique of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) which involves â€Å"the implantation of needles to different depths at a great variety of points on the surface of the human body†, in order to â€Å"stimulate deep-lying nerve-endings† and regulate â€Å"the circulation of qi and blood round the body † (Lu Needham, 2002:1). 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Essay about Islamophobia Muslims and Terrorism Example For Students

Essay about Islamophobia: Muslims and Terrorism After 9/11 has induced negative attitudes towards Muslim peoples who tend to be strongly associated with any act of terrorism. The media has played a colossal role in developing such negative association wherein it constantly portrays Muslim people in combination with violent terrorist acts. It does so in a way that they both go hand-and-hand. In other words, it has made it as though the Islamic religion is synonymous with terrorism. The media has perpetuated Muslim stereotypes over the years that followed the 9/11 incident. Because of this, society has developed, and still has developed, this prejudiced mindset about the Islamic religion and the Muslim communities around the world. People immediately assume that any violent act being depicted through the media is the direct result of Muslims. They automatically generate this idea that the act was performed by a Muslim terrorist even when they were not involved whatsoever. Regardless of whether it was true or not, Islamic religion an d its Muslim adherents are at the top of societies’ agenda just waiting for the evidence to be generated so that they can then safely blame them for such world affairs. Again, this has led to the attack on the Islamic religion itself wherein people have come to postulate Islam as an act of oppression, violence and hatred towards non-Muslims. Anti-Muslim sentiments and campaigns have resulted from such misinformation the media has been generating and feeding its viewers. Islamophobia has become a new topic of interest among social sciences, political leaders and media commentators. People amongst society have developed this phobia towards Islamic religion and people. It has become a novel â€Å"form of racism in Europe and American based on discrimination towards Islam and Muslims† (Talal, n.d., p. 6). The term Islamophobia was coined by the Runnymede Trust that is based in the UK in order to describe two forms of racism (Talal, n.d.). On the one hand, it describes differences in the Muslims’ physical appearance in comparison to other religions, such as Christianity. The second form of racism it describes is based on their religious and cultural belief systems that have come to be viewed as intolerable by Western and European cultures. As previously mentioned, they are perceived as oppressive towards women and non-Muslims in general. This widespread of Islamophobia has resulted in political and religious leaders and media commentators t o â€Å"engage in a form of hate speech, asserting with impunity what would have never appear in mainstream broadcast or print media about Jews, Christians and established ethnic and racial groups in America† (Talal, n.d., p. 9). Therefore, Islamophobia is a serious problem that needs to be examined more carefully because it is a form of racism and discrimination not only towards the Islamic religion but also towards their cultural identity, their way of being. The host of The Savage Nation, Michael Savage, once articulated that The largest percentage of Americans would like to see a nuclear weapon dropped on a major Arab capital. They don’t even care which one†¦ I think these people need to be forcibly converted to Christianity. It’s the only thing that can probably turn them into human beings (p. 10).  We can see that Islamophobia has resulted in an invasion on Muslim Arabs in the Middle East who are all being put under the same umbrella—that of terrorists. The post 9/11 incident brought about a great deal of attention towards Muslim people; they became the center of social attention. However, such attention was not for the good but rather for the worse. This magnitude of attention that they had received created a fear in Western and European cultures, which too, resulted in hate groups and anti-Muslim campaigns. .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .postImageUrl , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:hover , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:visited , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:active { border:0!important; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:active , .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83b88b649f35aa0c2bbf4b82c8bf1edb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Islamophobi A Thing Of The Past Or Still Present EssayTo see how influential the media is in framing societies’ current attitudes towards Muslims as terrorists, one must examine peoples’ outlook towards the Islamic faith prior to the 9/11 attacks. Westerners were not quite familiar with the Muslim religion and Islamic people in that they did not perceive them as terrorists or dangerous citizens, at least their perception was not as prevalent as it currently is. The connection between Islam and terrorism was not intensified until the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center that pushed the Islamic faith into the national and international spotlight (Smith, 2013). As Smith (2013) articulated, â€Å"Many Americans who had never given Islam a second thought before 9/11 now had to figure out how to make sense of these events and relate to the faith tradition that ostensibly inspired them† (p. 1). One way in which people made sense of these events was through the media channels that influenced their overall opinions by shaping a framework of censored ideas (Yusof, Hassan, Hassan Osman, 2013). In a survey conducted by Pew Forum (2012), 32% of people reported that their opinions of Muslims were greatly influenced by the media’s portrayal of Islam that depicted violent pictorials and fundamentalist Muslims. Such constant negative depiction is likely to lead to the inevitable—prejudice and hate crime. For instance, in 2002 alone there were approximately 481 hate crimes that were carried out against Muslims (Smith, 2013). Ever since the 9/11 attacks Muslim people have been the target of â€Å"suspicion, harassment and discrimin ation† (Talal, n.d., p. 9). On the other end of the scale, people who are more familiar with the Islamic faith tend to report more favorable attitudes towards Muslim people in comparison to those who are not well-educated about Muslims and their religious faith (Smith, 2013). This is why education-based approaches need to be established that aim to teach people about the positive aspects of Islam, rather than focusing only on the negative elements that the media tends to do. Education-based approaches can perhaps shift peoples’ current attitudes from that of being discriminative towards Muslims and their religion to that of a more tolerable one. Furthermore, such education-based approaches can also eliminate, or at least reduce, the associations made between Muslims and terrorism. If Muslim Arabs continue to be negatively put under the social radar then religious groups and nations will not be able to live in harmony and will not be able to tolerate one another’s differences. Moreover, Western cul tures, as well as European, need to overlook the media’s false propaganda as it is only spreading the Islamophobia phenomenon. Again, if nothing is being done to mend the current social stance on Islam and Muslims as terrorists then subsequent generations will likely to experience similar discriminative attitudes in the prospective future. Put in other words, future generations will be the target of social attention similar to the current generation that is being misperceived as terrorists engaging in violent acts in the name of their religion. This false propaganda needs to be put to an end before matters worsen and before innocent children are attacked merely because of their religious affiliation, and being perceived as terrorists before they reach adulthood. With that in mind, we aim to examine the current attitudes towards Muslims and their religious faith and their viewpoints on terrorism amongst Halifax University students that includes a pool sample from Saint Mary’s University, Mount Saint Vincent University and Dalhousie University. We will examine current attitudes associated with the Islamic religion which will give us an idea as to whether or not there is a connection between those who are familiar with the Islamic religion and those who hold favorable attitudes. Our hypothesis is that those who are familiar with the Islamic religion will likely hold more favorable attitudes or at least will not hold discriminative outlooks towards such religious group. We also hypothesize that first year undergraduate students will carry more prejudice and discriminative attitudes towards Muslims in comparison to fourth year students who will have more favorable attitudes.

Sir Lancelot Essays - The Lady Of Shalott, , Term Papers

95.Sir Lancelot is going to Camelot 96.Its about dusk time or the sun is just going down 97.Its night and there are a bunch of stars out 98.a shooting star passing through the night 99.as it moves over Shalott, nothing is going on at Shalott 100.hes got wide and nice eyebrows that glisten in the sun 101.His horse's hooves are polished 102.Hes got hair that is long and it flows 103.His hair is coal black 104.His coal black hair flows as he rides to Camelot 105.He comes close to the river 106.He shows up in Shalotts mirror 107.Hes singing a song and he hear tirra lira 108.Sir Lancelot is singing 109.She stopped weaving and went towards the window 110.She made three large steps to the window 111.She looks out the window and sees water-lilies 112.She sees his helmet 113.She also look all the way down to Camelot 114.Her weaving came apart 115.The mirror cracked 116.She is realizing that the curse is upon her 117.Lady of Shalott 118.Wind is now stirring up 119.The tree leaves are turning yellow 120.The river is splashing all over the place 121.Its now raining on top of all that 122.All this is going every were including Camelot 123.She came down the tower and found a boat 124.Its floating below a willow tree 125.On the prow of the boat she writes her name 126.Lady of Shalott 127.She looks down the river 128.Like a person who can see into the future 129.And she can see that she is doomed by the curse 130.Her face has a glazed expression 131.She looked down to Camelot 132.At the end of the day 133.She unties the chain and she sits down In the boat 134.And she float down the river 135.Lady of Shalott 136.She is dressed all in Wight 137.The dress is loss and flowing in the wind 138.Leaves are falling on her lightly 139.The noises of the night like crickets and owls or wolves howling 140.She was floating down the river to Camelot 141.The boat was going down the winding river 142.She passes by fields full of willows and bare fields of grass 143.She is singing her last song and people near can hear it 144.Lady of Shalott 145.Her song is haunting and soft 146.Now her song is loud 147.Her blood is freezing over slowly 148.Her eyes were closing slowly she was dying 149.Her boat turned to Camelot 150.Before she reached the tide 151.Before the first house b the river 152.As she is singing her song she dies as she finishes 153.Lady of Shalott 154.She floating through the river that goes under a tower 155.She floats by a garden wall 156.She also floats by a tall shiny shape 157.As shes floating down by the houses 158.She is silent 159.They came out to see the dead lady 160.Everyone came out even knights, even a lord came out 161.They all gathered by the passing boat and read her name 162.Lady of Shalott 163.Who is coming in to the scene 164.Is the bright palace that is close by 165.This is a sad moment. No one is happy 166.They made the symbol of a cross to protect them self 167.Even the brave knights did the same 168.Here comes sir Lancelot 169.He says that she has a lovely face 170.He gives her a little prayer 171.Lady of Shalott

Free Essays on Vincent Price Gallery

Vincent Price Gallery As I am the one who loves the arts, I went to the Vincent Price Gallery. Actually, when I just passed by and saw the sign that said â€Å"To the Gallery†, I was automatically brought by my feet there. As soon as I set my feet on the porch, it attracted me a lot. It was really amazing. It is decorated by white color and used a lot of lights. White color makes it bright and more attractive. Its professionally equipped and maintained facilities are really good. Therefore, it looks like a recently decorated even though it was founded in 1951. The pictures are placed in order. I saw a lot of oil pictures and photograph there. They all attracted me a lot because there are many different style and varsities of interesting such as pictures and photographs. Later, I became to know that all the pictures in the Vincent Price Gallery have been donated by Vincent Price and numerous other contributors. All the art collectors must have a psyche of living in a home surrounded by beauty. In the gallery, I looked all the pieces with great interest. In there, I had a great interest in â€Å"Frankenstein At The Wheel†. It is only a silver gelatin photograph that is presented by Philippe Halsman. Even though it was just a photograph, it had a lot of interest and surprise because one gentleman was driving speedily without looking forwards. At one glance, I was really scary by it because the gentleman in the picture has two faces. One is at the back and it looks like turning backwards. The other is appeared at the front mirror. As I looked at it thoroughly, I found out the face at the back looks like the mask and the face in the mirror is his actual face. The presentation by the photographer successfully gave life to the photograph. I am sure that every one who looked at the photograph was felt the same feeling like me. In the gallery, all the pictures made me have interesting a lot. But the photograph I mentio... Free Essays on Vincent Price Gallery Free Essays on Vincent Price Gallery Vincent Price Gallery As I am the one who loves the arts, I went to the Vincent Price Gallery. Actually, when I just passed by and saw the sign that said â€Å"To the Gallery†, I was automatically brought by my feet there. As soon as I set my feet on the porch, it attracted me a lot. It was really amazing. It is decorated by white color and used a lot of lights. White color makes it bright and more attractive. Its professionally equipped and maintained facilities are really good. Therefore, it looks like a recently decorated even though it was founded in 1951. The pictures are placed in order. I saw a lot of oil pictures and photograph there. They all attracted me a lot because there are many different style and varsities of interesting such as pictures and photographs. Later, I became to know that all the pictures in the Vincent Price Gallery have been donated by Vincent Price and numerous other contributors. All the art collectors must have a psyche of living in a home surrounded by beauty. In the gallery, I looked all the pieces with great interest. In there, I had a great interest in â€Å"Frankenstein At The Wheel†. It is only a silver gelatin photograph that is presented by Philippe Halsman. Even though it was just a photograph, it had a lot of interest and surprise because one gentleman was driving speedily without looking forwards. At one glance, I was really scary by it because the gentleman in the picture has two faces. One is at the back and it looks like turning backwards. The other is appeared at the front mirror. As I looked at it thoroughly, I found out the face at the back looks like the mask and the face in the mirror is his actual face. The presentation by the photographer successfully gave life to the photograph. I am sure that every one who looked at the photograph was felt the same feeling like me. In the gallery, all the pictures made me have interesting a lot. But the photograph I mentio...

Relations between Knowledge and Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Relations between Knowledge and Reality - Essay Example Ideas about relationships are certainly developed and predicted on the basis of the conditions they fulfill. Thus, the relationships and their concepts are dependent of the performances they make. The author also alludes to various forms of concepts described by Locke, which include action-concepts, physical concepts and moral concepts (106-107). Locke has also established the patterns of relations, where he declares cause and effect as the most important one in this regards. He has also shown the relationship between various ideas on the basis of the concepts established. He called relation between idea and thing as the real existence. (110) Locke has presented different sorts of agreements on perception about ideas, where he aims to view knowledge as unlimited in nature and scope, though knowledge of coexistence is narrow and limited one. Hence, Locke asserts the existence of knowledge on the basis of perception of agreement or disagreement between ideas, without taking into consid eration the very difference in perceiving the same. (117) Locke, Law & Law of Nature Rogers (1999) has identified the moral and natural law described and discussed by John Locke in his philosophy. Moral law, according to Rogers, enjoys the central place in Locke’s political writings (Atherton, 1999:47), which can also be viewed in association with his opinion about scientific inventions and advancements. It is partly due to the very reality that scientific discoveries are also the outcome of the scientists’ curiosity for exploring the countless phenomena of nature with the help of observation and empirical estimation. Hence, God and the universe on the one hand, and natural law and scientific discoveries are interrelated according to Locke (48-49). The individuals’ activities also reflect natural laws, and parents’ affection for children is natural, while their hatred for children looks unnatural and astonishing act. Consequently, natural law lays stress upon morality for the individuals (51), and reiterates upon applying best of faculties and skills while performing an act or obligation. Locke has also sought inspiration from the Newton’s law of gravity that every object of nature acts according to the commands of natural law, and deviation from the same could invite disorder and chaos in its wake. It is therefore Locke, in his Essay, looks for seeking knowledge about the laws of universe in order to explore the realities existing all around humans. (53-54) Rogers also cites Locke’s examples regarding the affects of various objects on others, where the reaction of different objects is almost same, as hemlock takes the life of the person consuming the same. Locke has also explored relation between the law of nature and the laws of nature, where law of nature identifies the existence of God, His laws and the entities to obey the same, and laws of nature repeat their course in order to implement the law of nature. Moral Weakness by Spinoza Harris (1973) has elucidated Spinoza’s doctrine of moral weakness by making its comparison with the goodness theory articulated by renowned Greek philosopher Plato.  

List and explain the three step risk analysis process and list Personal Statement

List and explain the three step risk analysis process and list resources - Personal Statement Example At any rate, it is always better to be prepared for any eventuality although admittedly, it is virtually impossible to prepare adequately for anything and everything. However, having good plans in place is better than having no plan at all that can deal with a contingency whenever it so happens. The most crucial part of security planning and loss prevention is critical thinking. This is the ability to think and ask the tough questions other people may hesitate to ask. Further, it is a way to get out of the box-mindset and adopt a different attitude from the business as usual. In his book, author Philip P. Purpura postulates critical thinking as the cognitive ability of analysis, the interpretation, the explanation and the evaluation of ones own reasoning, to even include ability to question ones conclusions and judgment in a continuous process of assessment (2008, p. 4). In this regard, there is a highly-recommended three-step risk analysis process that is to be followed in order to have a good grasp of the security situation. It is the rational and orderly way of identifying a problem, determining its probability of occurring and finding solutions. The objective of this process is to also estimate the loss in case of an adverse event happening. This 3 step process is discussed in much greater detail in the next page. Conducting a loss prevention survey – this first step takes into consideration all possible threats, hazards, vulnerabilities and weaknesses that can threaten security and survival. Purpose of this activity is to assess probable adverse events based on certain conditions such as weather, geography, fire protection systems, pending litigation, proximate presence of nearby hazardous materials (nuclear, chemical, biological, etc.) and all other identifiable threats to include social, political and economic conditions. The survey is actually a questionnaire in the form of checklist to make sure everything is covered during the

The End of the Cold War and the United Nations Essay Example for Free

The End of the Cold War and the United Nations Essay Abstract The end of the Cold War ushered in many significant changes in the international system. Many of these changes are seen to provide an impetus for the reestablishment of multilateralism and the collective security approach to the maintenance of international peace and security, under the aegis of the United Nations. The multilateral movement gathered momentum over the first few years of the post-Cold War era and saw a number of peacekeeping missions mandated by the United Nations across the World. However, a careful inspection of these missions, and other instances when any action failed to materialize, reveals that much of the impetus gained from the end of the Cold War conflict was lost due. Several factors contributed to this outcome, not least a lack of political will on the part of the United Nations and the Member States. The essay concludes by looking at the present situation and arguing that a similar opportunity as the one in 1991 has presented itself, leaving the United Nations in particular, and multilateralism in general, with a chance to redeem itself. Introduction: The UN during the Cold War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The end of the Second World War and the institution of the United Nations in 1945 were landmark events in the history of the world. While the conclusion of the War marked the demise of European imperialism (though the decolonisation process would continue till 1966), it also signalled a change in the norms of international society. Based on the principles of collective security, as elaborated in the Charter of the United Nations, these emergent norms sanctified (international) territorial boundaries, promising to usher in a new era of international history. However, the optimism and confidence which surrounded the formation of the United Nations – as a forward-looking model of international cooperation – was soon disturbed by the Soviet Union’s entry into the nuclear club in 1949. This was the beginning of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR, which mired international politics, as well as the UN, in an ideological conflict for the next four and a half decades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the specifics of how the Cold War was fought fall outside the ambit of this paper, it is important to note its effects on the functioning of the UN. The composition of the UN Security Council – the organ charged with the maintenance of international peace and security – becomes salient here: as permanent members, both the United States and Soviet Union exercised the power of the veto (a single veto from any permanent being enough to sink a Security Council resolution), according to their geopolitical interests (see UN General Assembly, 2004, p. 13-19). This crippled the development of the UN, while consequently stunting the evolution of multilateralism. Changes at the End of the Cold War: Impetus to UN Multilateralism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The end of the Cold War, in 1991, brought with it a renewed optimism and injected fresh vigour into the UN; finally rid of the ideological divide of the previous decades, the new situation led some scholars to say that: The end of the Cold War lifts a central obstacle to the strengthening of multilateral peacekeeping and the extension of multilateral operations beyond traditional peacekeeping tasks. A revived United Nations Security Council and energetic Secretary-General are the global [centre] of this rapidly evolving effort†¦ (Roper, Nishihara, Otunnu and Schoettle, 1993, p. 1). Concomitant to this belief, the number of peacekeeping operation of the UN increased, along with the establishment of the UN Protective Force (UNPROFOR) – made famous by its engagements in Bosnia – in the years following the fall of the Berlin Wall. However, to truly understand the impact of the end of the Cold War on the UN, and its efforts to strengthen multilateralism, we must be appreciative of what actually changed at the â€Å"end of history† (Fukuyama, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An era of post-internationalism, defined by a complex system of relations between nation-states and non-state actors, was thought to be the most probable outcome of the end of the Cold War (Rosenau, 1990). In reality, the most important changes occurring in the international system were: The emergence of a unipolar world – with the United States as the lone superpower – though there was a brief debate over the possibility of a return to (a somewhat Westphalian) multipolarity. The structural and ideological impediments to the UN’s operations disappeared, resulting in an environment (apparently) conducive to international cooperation. The emergence of â€Å"New Wars,† which were intra-state affairs, and fuelled by ethno-religious and cultural divides (Kaldor, 1999). The intensification of the process of globalization, rapidly intertwining the national economies of the world into the world economy and with each other, meaning that conflicts would produce more stakeholders interested in their resolution. These changes made for an opportunity for the UN to capitalise on the changing dimensions of international politics and drive home the advantage for the renewed consensus for multilateralism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American preponderance in the immediate aftermath of the end of the Cold War meant that the future of multilateralism would depend, to a great extent, on the willingness of the United States to support and participate in the operations of the UN. This dependence was only natural: the US was the most economically and militarily dominant power at the time, and for any successful venture on the part of the UN, US assistance (or at the very least, support) was essential. Because of the US’ political importance, Security Council resolutions backed by the country were more persuasive and influential than earlier, thus accelerating the strengthening of the UN’s multilateral foundations. Initially, the United States readily participated in UN-backed interventions and peacekeeping missions – in Iraq/Kuwait (1990) and Somalia (1992) – which coincided with its policy of â€Å"aggressive involvement† in response to international peace and security at the time (Art, 2003, p. 2-3). Thus, American primacy at the end of the Cold War provided a great impetus to UN-led multilateralism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of the East/West divide provided an opportunity to expand the realm of the UN’s multilateral operations beyond that of traditional peacekeeping, to include such areas of peace-building as providing humanitarian assistance, transitions to democratic governments and helping with national reconstruction in post-conflict scenarios. This expanding perspective was explained by the UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to have occurred as a direct consequence of the demise of Cold War animosities amongst the permanent members of the Security Council (1992). The proliferation of UN missions in the early 1990s – to Somalia, Cambodia, Namibia, Western Sahara, Angola, Bosnia, Croatia, El Salvador and Mozambique – goes to show how much of an impetus the removal of structural impediments gave to the UN at the end of the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emergence of New Wars called for a change in the understanding of intra-state violence, along with a wider interpretation of the provisions of Chapter VII of the UN Charter (UN, 1945). During the Cold War, the principles of state sovereignty and non-intervention were paramount; according to Article 2(7) of the Charter, Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter†¦ (1945.) However, in the post-Cold War era, there has been a considerable shift towards embracing the principles of internal justice (i.e. within states) and individual rights, which require the maintenance of certain universally accepted standards (Taylor and Curtis, 2003, p. 415). This movement towards a semblance of global governance also resulted from the impetus gained from the end of the Cold War. For example, the intervention in Kosovo (late-1990s) was purely on humanitarian grounds, and explicitly breached the (now contested) sovereignty of the Republic of Serbia. On the other hand, the intervention in Somalia was carried out at the state’s request, while that in Iraq (in 1990) depended on Memorandums of Understanding between the UN and Saddam Hussein. In all of these cases, however, the increasing tendency of multilateral involvement in the domestic affairs of states cannot be overlooked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the political and economic structural adjustment policies (enforced by the IMF against the supply of loans) experienced in many parts of the world during the 1980s, the end of the Cold War came at a time when the process of globalization had already taken shape to a certain degree. This process meant the expansion of markets, along with goods and services, across the world, making countries increasingly interdependent. Thus conflict, in any part of the world, now has the potential to disrupt more than a handful of national economies. Hence, there are more takers for multilateral action to resolve conflicts, especially after the (formal) removal of ideological differences within the UN after 1991. For example, in the case of the peacekeeping mission in Bosnia, countries as diverse as Nepal, Fiji, Argentina, Senegal and Iceland, among many others, contributed personnel and supplies to the UN. This was another impetus received by the UN at the end of the Cold War, strengthening its role in multilateral ventures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the renewed energy exhibited by the Member States of the UN to multilaterally solve international conflicts is evidenced by the fact that peacekeeping operations undertaken after the Cold War easily outnumber those mandated during 1945 to 1990 (UN Peacekeeping, 2008). There has also been an improved dynamism in the Security Council and the General Assembly since 1990, shown by the rise in the number of resolutions proposed and adopted, as against the oftentimes deadlocked scenario of the Cold War (UN Documentation Centre, 2008). These facts show the momentum gained by multilateralism, under the aegis of the UN, in the post-Cold War era. An Evaluation of Post-Cold War Multilateralism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important, however, to make a crucial qualification at this point: greater involvement through the multilateral framework does not tantamount to success in resolving or preventing international conflicts. If we are to make an analytical examination of how far the end of the Cold war proved to be an impetus for the reestablishment of the UN as the focal point for multilateral projects, we must judge the same in terms of what they achieved. The possibilities that the termination of the East/West conflict held for the UN have already been discussed; now, we shall attempt to provide a critical analysis of how multilateralism has fared to obtain the true nature of the impetus in question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the UN’s existence, the question of intervention to stop genocide (or for genocide prevention) has been a thorn in its side. The history of the UN is replete with cases of genocide – Uganda (1970s), Paraguay (1974), Democratic Kampuchea (1975-78), Bangladesh (1970-71) and Burundi (1972-73) – where it did not take any concrete steps to stop the conflict (Kuper 1982). Regardless of the changes found in the post-Cold War era, the â€Å"right to intervene† (jus ad bellum, or humanitarian intervention), has only been enforced in Kosovo (Taylor and Curtis, 2003, p. 415). The UN, however, failed to act on time in the cases of Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1992-93), resulting in close to a million deaths. In Rwanda alone, the death toll reached more than 800,000, and led Secretary-General Kofi Annan to remark: â€Å"The world failed Rwanda at that time of evil. The international community and the United Nations could not muster the political will to confront it† (quoted in Glazer, 2004, p. 167). Similarly, the Security Council has been sitting on the fence with regard to Darfur, western Sudan, where Arab militias known as the Janjaweed, with help from the central authority in Khartoum, have been systematically killing (and raping and displacing) black Africans since 2003. Due to the reluctance of the UN to label the conflict in Darfur as genocide, hundreds of thousands continue to die, while more are forced to migrate across the western border into Chad (HRW, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Part of the blame lies with the Genocide Convention (concluded in 1948), which obliges Member Parties to â€Å"prevent and punish† any act of genocide. But, what this clause means in terms of policy directives remains unclear; many Parties are content to push for institutional solutions in these cases, while refraining to term a given situation as genocide, so that they are not dragged into a commitment of conflict resolution. However, at the end of the Cold War, with the consensus for international cooperation and multilateral action on a high, the UN had a golden opportunity to include or append policy recommendations to the Genocide Convention. It was essential to recognise that the history of the UN’s failure to prevent genocide was a function of reluctant nation-states wary of being drawn into a long-term commitment, rather than plainly understanding it as another aspect of the East/West conflict. By oversimplifying the causes of previous failures, the UN also lost that bit of impetus which the end of the Cold War had generated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the multilateral movement suffered another jolt when, given the losses it incurred in Somalia (1992), the American policy slowly started shifting from aggressive involvement to selective engagement: the US, by many accounts, was only interested in taking part in such conflicts which served its national interests (Power 2002). It was the intransigence on the part of the US which, in large measure, contributed to the debacle in Rwanda. Indeed, the fact that the US was actively involved in the Bosnian peace process was not lost on many, leading to speculation that the country was atoning for it inaction in Rwanda, while spawning more radical critiques claiming that the US was more sympathetic to conflicts in Europe and North America (Cooper, 2003). In any event, the reliance on the US for multilateral action proved shaky – a reality further reinforced by its unilateral decision to engage in a preventive war in Iraq (in 2003) – and only retarded the impetus gained in 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The UN, Kaldor argues, also suffers from weak conceptual and theoretical comprehension of â€Å"new wars† (1999). She maintains that it was not the unwillingness to provide resources, a lack of cohesion among peacekeepers or the general tendency of making policies offering short-term solutions which protracted the conflict in Bosnia. Instead, the international community failed to grasp the nature of the â€Å"new nationalism† that had steered the country into the abyss of an ethno-religious war (Kaldor, 1999, p. 53). This failure also led to the underestimation of how the war would progress; the UN peacekeeping force that reached Bosnia had neither the resources, nor the specific mandate, for conflict prevention. Hence, there was no peace to ‘keep’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This brings us to the issues of deployment and mandates. The UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda, which was put in place to see through the transition to democracy – as part of the Arusha Accords of 1993 – employed 2,500 peacekeepers. At the outbreak of genocide in 1994, the Security Council decided to withdraw all but a tenth of the force, leaving those still remaining in Rwanda to stand by and watch the week-long massacres. In Bosnia, the situation was hardly any better; though the total UNPROFOR contingent totalled 23,000, the requisition to the Security Council asked for 30,000 troops for the safe havens – in Srebrenica, Zepa, Tuzla, Sarajevo, Gorazde, and Bihac – alone. In the end, 7,500 troops were provided for these areas, and resources for only 3,500 could be managed (Kaldor, p. 65). Again, in Darfur, the Security Council sanctioned a peacekeeping force of 25,000 to work alongside the African Union’s 7,000-strong peacekeeping mission; however, the mission is yet to be completely deployed, owing to organisational problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most importantly, though, it is crucial to understand that whatever be the deployment, if the same is not supplied with an aggressive mandate, history shows that it is deemed to fail. An aggressive mandate would entail peace enforcement, in turn requiring a wider reading of the provisions of Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Sending lightly armed peacekeepers into zones of conflict only risks their lives and achieves very little in terms of conflict prevention. In recent years, the UN has found it preferable to mandate individual countries to enforce peace in smaller-scale incidents of violent conflict, like Australia (East Timor 1999), France (Congo, 2003) and the USA (Liberia, 2003). Whether such decisions indicate the complications of an aggressive multilateral approach is difficult to say, but these cases do suggest that unilateral solutions are sometimes simpler. The problems of troop deployment and mandates, therefore, seem to have eroded much of the impetus gained by the UN’s multilateral framework at the beginning of the post-Cold War era. Conclusion: Opportunity Lost, Perspective Gained   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two important conclusions that readily derive from the above discussion. Firstly, the changes in the international system at the end of the Cold War produced a scenario where the UN remained the only organisation capable of maintaining peace. This provided a thrust to the multilateral framework which had suffered till then under the shadow of the East/West bipolarity. Without doubt, the end of the Cold War had supplied the UN with a vital impetus to re-establish multilateralism as the definitive path to peace. Secondly, however, an evaluation of post-Cold War multilateralism reveals that this chance was squandered, leading many to call this phase of the UN’s history as â€Å"opportunity lost† (Johnson, 1999). Indeed, the breakdown of the consensus over the war in Iraq (2003) led Annan to declare that â€Å"[t]he past year has shaken the foundations of collective security and undermined confidence in the possibility of collective responses to our common problems and challenges† (quoted in UN Press Release, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking forward, however, we have to contend that it is precisely the US debacle in Iraq has cast grave doubts over unilateral actions, and has prepared the ground once more for the endorsement of multilateralism. Following its initial failures in peacekeeping, the UN maintained that its role in international peace and security remained â€Å"essential† (Crossette, 1994); the reverses early on in the post-Cold War era now serve as key points of reference from which to learn and devise more viable policies. The lessons of the past, thus, must provide the paths to the present (and the future). The opportunity given to the UN and multilateralism by the fall of the Soviet Union was spurned over the subsequent decade. The international system has again generated a similar impetus which should, this time, be treated with the utmost care and responsibility. References Art, R. J. (2003). A Grand Strategy for America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping. A/47/277. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.un.org/docs/SG/agpeace.html Cooper, M. H. (February 23, 2003). Future of NATO. CQ Researcher, 13, 8, pp. 177-200. Crossette, B. (December 5, 1994). UN Falters in Post-Cold War Peacekeeping, but Sees Role as Essential. The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E3DC1739F936A35751C1A962958260 Fukuyama, F. (1993). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Harper Perennial. Glazer, S. (August 27, 2004). Stopping Genocide. CQ Researcher, 14, 29, pp. 165-187. Human Rights Watch. (December 2006). Darfur Bleeds: Militia Attacks on Civilians in Chad. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.hrw.org/ Johnson, R. (January 1999). Post-Cold War Security: The Lost Opportunities. The Disarmament Forum, 1, 5-11. Kaldor, M. (1999). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Kuper, L. (1982). Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Power, S. (2002). A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial. Roper, J., Nishihara, M., Otunnu, O. A., Schoettle, E. C. B. (1993). Keeping the Peace in the Post-Cold War Era: Strengthening Multilateral Peacekeeping – A Report to the Trilateral Commission. New York: The Trilateral Commission. Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Taylor, P. and Curtis, D. (2003). The United Nations. In Baylis, J. and Smith, S. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 405-424. United Nations Documentation Centre. (2008). General Assembly Resolutions | Security Council Resolutions. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.un.org/documents/index.html United Nations General Assembly. (2004). Report of the Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council and Other matters related to the Security Council. A/58/47. New York: United Nations. United Nations Peacekeeping. (2008). List of Operations: 1948-2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/list/list.pdf United Nations Press Release. (November 2003). Secretary-General Names High-level Panel to Study Global Security Threats, and Recommend Necessary Changes. SG/A/857. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/press-release-041103.pdf United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/

Cather in the Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher and the Rye is a very controversial book even today. Many schools and libraries across the country have banned this book for various reasons. This paper will explore some of these reasons why this book is still causing debates among educators. To first understand why this book has caused so many debates we have to look at the time it was written in, the 1950’s. In the 1950’s the world was just recovering from the devastations of World War II, which ended five years ago. The United States emerged as a Super Power, the wealthiest nation and the American way of life envied throughout the Western world. This was a time when people were friendlier, more caring, and honest. People were not afraid to leave their homes without locking their doors. Neighbors were always there to help you for whatever reason and, families were close knit. They would have dinner each night, watch television, and do activities together. Children in this time were brought up to respect their elders, conform, and behave according to the their elder’s values. Most of them did so, although a growing spirit of rebellion and a new assertiveness of ideas and styles soon developed. The term â€Å"teenager† became widely used. Teena gers found their own taste in music and fashion. Girls were most likely found wearing clothes like people that they saw on television and the movies. Music had also changed. Teenagers were very fond of a new type of music known as Rock And Roll. Bill Haley and his band was just one group that caused a stir among the elders as to what was respectable, and banned Haley’s movie as well as his record from jukeboxes. This was the first measure that elders took to â€Å"save the children†, from destroying their values. However, the media with magazines, radio, television and the movies fueled the ideas of being a teenager. One popular song of this time was â€Å"All Shook Up† by Elvis Presley that seems to symbolize this time in history. (Stacy & Finkelstein) One author J.D. Salinger wrote his first novel during this time and added to the controversy by his writing style. Salinger chose to write his novel in the first person, told by a seventeen year old boy named Holden Claudfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses foul language, discussed sexual matter, and rejects the traditional American ideas.

Gender segregation In US Essay

In the recent past, United State has been a victim of gender inequality. For instance, in the colonial era, reading and writing were the essential skills. However, these skills were mainly taught to boys and only privileged girls. This is a clear discrimination that makes the girls child disadvantaged and thus affects her social development and limit her interaction. One of the most important aspects in human development is the gender-role development. Age between two & six are the essential stage when the children start to learn of the abilities, and gender. In making of toys for playing, the America culture separates toys for girls and boys. The boys will shy from playing with dollies and the girls also avoid playing with tennis balls. This separation affects the social development of the children in many ways. First, the playing styles and behaviors will be centered on the identity ‘I am a Girl’ or ‘I am a Boy’. This spreads to the social context of the family, school, and peer group. Most theories of social development highlight early childhood as initial and the essential stage in social development. Much of the learning in this stage occurs by imitation. That is, boys learn to be boys by observing their fathers and girls learn l to be girls by observing their mothers. When children imitate similar sex they tend to be appreciated. However, imitating the opposite sex would attract punishment. This stereotype leaves a lasting impact on the mind of the children who grow up to believe that girls and boys are different and should be treated differently. This has been the root cause of gender disparity in US. Reference: Axtell, J. (1974). Gender-Role Development – The Development of Sex and Gender. Illinois; University of Illinois Press.

Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Essay - 989 Words

Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar was born in Rome on November 16, 42 BC. Four years after his birth his mother divorced his father and married Octavian. Tiberius was a descendant of the Claudian family who moved to Rome shortly after the foundation of the city. The Claudians did not respect others who were not of noble ancestry. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After Tiberius was four he was raised to be a loyal servant of Augustus. Tiberius is associated with Augustus for 22 years. Augustus had Tiberius carefully educated. Augustus later forced Tiberius to dissolve his happy marriage to Vipsania Agrippina and marry Augustus daughter Julia. This was arranged to better the chance of†¦show more content†¦Tiberius began to take firm steps against foreign beliefs because he thought they were a threat to traditional Roman values. He expelled followers of the Egyptian and Jewish religions from Rome and banished astrologers. Tiberius believed in astrology himself but probably feared a possible conspiracy inspired by horoscopes. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tiberius established a central camp for the Praetorian guard in Rome so the military could be quickly called to put down civilian violence. Civilian riots were common because of the large population of unemployed that were provided for by the public dole. Lucius Aelius Sejanus was in charge of these troops and that gave him an enormous amount of potential power. He aspired to marry Livia Julia, Tiberius daughter, and worked to increase the emperors fear and distrust of other members of his Tiberius family. In AD 26 Tiberius left Rome and withdrew to Campania, and the following year went to the island of Capri. Tiberius left Rome under the power of Sejanus. Finally realizing that Sejanus was trying to seize the imperial power he sent a carefully worded letter to the senate. The senate read the letter while the unsuspecting Sejanus sat in the senate chamber. 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